FSnet Feb. 23/05 -- II
EU says 11
states may be hit by UK food dye scare
Canadian
Cattlemen's Association represents interests of Cattle Producers in R-CALF
Lawsuit
Perspective:
Are we the best corporate citizens that we can be? MeatNews editor Dr. Dom
Castaldo asks processors and suppliers
From the NMA:
Meat Group editorial director Steve Bjerklie says the message from the NMA
convention is that meat marketing must be all about the customer
Genome of
deadly amoeba shows surprising complexity
Computational
fluid dynamics analysis for process impact assessment during thermal
pasteurization of intact eggs
Extended
study on the influence of z-value(s) of single and multicomponent
time-temperature integrators on the accuracy of quantitative thermal process
assessment
Combined
effects of coating, modified atmosphere packaging, and gamma irradiation on
quality maintenance of ready-to-use carrots (Daucus carota)
Occurrence
of mycotoxin in farro samples from Southern Italy
Inactivation
of pathogens inoculated into prepared seafood products for manufacturing kimbab,
steamed rice rolled in dried seaweed, by gamma irradiation
how to subscribe
EU
says 11 states may be hit by UK food dye scare
February 23, 2005
Reuters
BRUSSELS - The European Commission was cited as saying on Wednesday that 11
European Union states may have imported tainted food from Britain containing an
illegal dye that could lead to an increased risk of cancer.
Britain has taken 427 soups, sauces and ready-meals off supermarket shelves
since Feb. 18 when the banned dye Sudan 1 was found in a batch of chilli powder
used by British tea and pickle maker Premier Foods Plc to make Worcester sauce.
The sauce was added to a range of food products.
The food scare has hit Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain, said European Commission spokesman
Philip Tod.
Canadian
Cattlemen's Association represents interests of Cattle Producers in R-CALF
Lawsuit
February 23, 2005
From a press release
CALGARY - The Canadian Cattlemen's Association (CCA), on behalf of Canadian
cattle producers, has filed for permission to provide information in the R-CALF
vs. United States Department of Agriculture law suit.
Legal counsel representing CCA and Canadian cattle producers has filed an amicus
curiae ("friend of the court") brief in the case being heard in the
United States District Court in Billings, Montana. Amicus briefs are legal
documents filed by non-litigants in court cases which include additional
information or arguments that those outside parties wish to have considered in
that particular case. The CCA brief focuses on the economics of re-opening the
border to both live cattle and an expanded list of beef products, and argues
that re-opening the border will not harm the U.S. beef industry. An amicus brief
filed by the Government of Canada focuses on the scientific arguments for
re-opening the border.
"The purpose of filing the amicus brief is to ensure that the judge hearing
the case has all the relevant information needed to make an informed
decision," says Dennis Laycraft, Executive Vice President of the CCA.
"The information being filed dispels the myth that there are vast numbers
of cattle waiting to cross the border on March 7. It also points out that
consumer confidence has remained high in both Canada and the U.S. and re-opening
the border will not negatively impact that confidence." The judge hearing
the case will decide if the brief filed by CCA, and amicus briefs filed by other
interested parties, will be accepted. The CCA brief is available for viewing on
the CCA website www.cattle.ca. CCA is the National Voice for the Beef Cattle
Industry, representing over 90,000 Cattle Producers.
Perspective:
Are we the best corporate citizens that we can be? MeatNews editor Dr. Dom
Castaldo asks processors and suppliers
February 23, 2005
MeatNews.com Volume 7, Issue 9
Dr. Dom Castaldo
http://www.meatnews.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Article&artNum=9081
When I was growing up in New Jersey, the only connection I had to the meat
processing industry was the local butchers that ran stores in the Italian urban
neighborhood where my father grew up and where most of my aunts, uncles, and
cousins still lived. Mom would always get sausage and ground pork and veal from
those little shops that dotted the neighborhood. Every butcher shop – they
also did duty as delicatessens that sold hard-to-pronounce Italian meats,
bakeries, seafood shops, and convenience stores – had their own signature
meats, particularly sausage. They usually made it “in the back.” The big
problem was consistency. A butcher may make a delicious batch of sausage this
week; but next week, don’t count on it being the same.
The one thing that these long-gone butchers were consistent about was that they
played an active role in the neighborhood. They were good corporate citizens.
Most of the time, they lived above their stores. If you needed something after
closing, they would come down and get it for you. They sponsored neighborhood
soccer and baseball teams – sometimes they sponsored more than one team.
Either in the front window or behind the counter, they would display the
trophies that their teams won. When the church had its summer bazaar, they got
the church supplies at cost. The butchers of my youth were loyal to the
neighborhood, and the neighborhood was loyal to them – for the most part.
The demise of the local butcher shop is simple. Most of the children of the old
neighborhood’s residents moved away to the suburbs – or further away -- and
bought their meat in supermarkets. Also, the butcher’s kids didn’t want to
be butchers. So the shops closed. Some are now two-story homes; others are video
stores or they sell something else. The butchers now work in processing plants.
I don’t even know who cuts my steaks or grinds my sausage.
This gets me to thinking: Do the big meat companies – the new butcher shops
– have the same sense of being good corporate citizens as the neighborhood
butchers?
I think so.
A number of years ago, I was talking with the public relations director of a
large poultry company. The company’s plant was located in a residential area
(The plant was there before the houses.) I asked how the company was prepared
for an accident. The PR director said an incident had already occurred. She told
me that during the previous summer, the plant’s refrigeration system failed.
She said the company immediately called a meeting with the local residents,
explained the situation, and told them that although they were working to remove
the meat and fix the refrigeration system, things were likely to smell. The
company wasn’t wrong. But, the residents understood and didn’t complain or
file any lawsuits. The processor acted like a good neighbor.
In December when the tsunami struck Asia, meat companies rallied to do what they
do best – provide high quality food to the victims. During Christmas holidays,
I hear about meat processors providing turkeys, hams, and other products to
homeless shelters and the like to feed the hungry. Most of the meat plants
I’ve visited participate in the United Way Drive.
I’ve been reading a lot about Tyson’s corporate neighborliness lately. When
the company had to stop processing beef at several of its plants, the company
still paid the laid-off workers a major portion of their wages. Without
Tyson’s generosity, many of those workers wouldn’t have made it financially.
They may have lost their houses or cars or had to relocate. The towns were they
lived would have suffered too. Last week, the company expanded its educational
reimbursement program. I am certain that other processors are being equally
generous to their employees and their communities.
We as an industry – meat processors and suppliers – must maintain – and
even improve -- our excellent track record as corporate citizens.
From
the NMA: Meat Group editorial director Steve Bjerklie says the message from the
NMA convention is that meat marketing must be all about the customer
February 23, 2005
MeatNews.com Volume 7, Issue 9
http://www.meatnews.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Article&artNum=9080
According to Ken Parnell, who guided Wal-Mart’s meat, seafood, and
delicatessen divisions for 17 years, “Everything should be based on the
customer. We must be agents for the customer.”
Speaking at a roundtable session devoted to new meat marketing ideas, part of
the program at the annual National Meat Association convention being held this
week in Las Vegas, Nevada, Parnell, who was a meat buyer for Safeway prior to
his career at Wal-Mart, and who founded Parnell Leaton Consulting last year,
commented that Wal-Mart “changed some things in the industry that we thought
should be changed,” and he described how Wal-Mart’s case-ready program for
fresh meat gave the retailing giant extraordinary control over inventory
management. But, he noted, the emphasis must always be on the customer.
“Shelf-life belongs to the customer,” he said. “Even animal welfare
belongs to the customer. That’s why you do it.”
Steve Sands of Premium Protein Products, a Nebraska meat packer and processor
aiming at niche markets, said his company is focused specifically “on the
consumer’s desire for branded product.” He commented: “We are about
maximizing carcass utilization by focusing on value-added products sold to a
complimentary set of customers.” The firm operates a slaughter plant in
Hastings, Nebraska, and a processing plant in Lincoln. “Our driver is our
value-added operation,” he said. Premium Protein Products manages several
branded programs, including brands that cover organic and other production
protocols. “One of our goals is eliminating discounts for the producer,” he
noted.
Gary Pfeiffer of Superior Farms, the Washington state-headquartered lamb
processor, said his company has found opportunity by focusing on “a
high-quality eating experience for consumers.” As part of that effort,
Superior, which had been committed exclusively to U.S.-grown lamb, recently
began importing Australian lamb to round out the company’s product line.
Also paying attention to a specific niche, Ernie Phinney of Western Grasslands
Beef, a California meat company exclusively raising grass-fed livestock, called
grass-fed “a new category for a new era.” He emphasized: “This is not your
grandfather’s grass-fed beef. This is your great-great-great grandfather’s
grass-fed beef. He admitted that in the United States grass-fed product still
fights a market conception that it’s not as tender or flavorful as grain-fed
beef, which came to dominate beef production for retail beef in this country in
the post-war years. But, he commented: “There are millions of unhappy
consumers out there who don’t think the beef they’ve been buying in the
supermarket over the last several years tastes very good.”
John Nalivka of Sterling Marketing and Meat Processing magazine’s contributing
editor for economics (He assembles the annual “Meat Facts” report for i>Meat
Processing publisher, Watt Publishing Co.), commented that with regard to
source-verification programs and animal identification, which increasingly are
being used for marketing as well as control, “What we’re really talking
about is managing risk. We’re talking about trying to reduce volatility and
increase predictability. And those are the things that an effective marketing
program has to have.” He said effective traceback offers the opportunity to
“match a live animal to a specific consumer market.”
Ed Lopes of Villa Roma Sausage, a southern California processor of retail
processed products, commented that newspaper advertising and in-store
taste-demonstrating, both traditional ways of marketing food products,
especially specialties like sausage, remain effective tools. Villa Roma, he
said, has developed a sophisticated method for determining the true cost and
sales benefits of specific advertisements and in-store demonstrations.
Steve Bjerklie, editorial director of Watt Publishing Co.’s Meat Group,
concluded the roundtable by noting that “the organic companies as well as some
others with creative, innovative marketing programs have really shown the rest
of the industry how much power there is in marketing narratives. If you can sell
the consumer the story and context of your product rather than just offering an
item with an attractive price, your margins can improve significantly, as these
companies have proven,” he said.
Genome
of deadly amoeba shows surprising complexity
February 23, 2005
The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR)
The genome sequence of the parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, a leading
cause of severe diarrheal disease in developing countries, includes an
unexpectedly complex repertoire of sensory genes as well as a variety of
bacterial-like genes that contribute to the organism’s unique biology.
The report, which appears in the February 24 issue of Nature, presents the first
genome-wide study of an amoeba. It is also the first genome sequence to be
published from this class of amitochondrial human pathogens.
The analysis reveals the degradation of the E. histolytica genome in its
transition from a free-living organism into a parasite of the human gut. At the
same time, scientists also cataloged the retention and expansion of some gene
families characteristic of more complex organisms.
Detailing the first systematic study of relatively recent horizontal gene
transfer into a protist, scientists report evidence in the DNA sequence that E.
histolytica likely picked up a significant number of its metabolic genes from
bacterial co-inhabitants of the human gut. Identification of these genes sheds
new light on the unusual shared biology between the parasitic amoeba and
anaerobic gut bacteria.
The E. histolytica genome sequence is expected to help in the development of new
vaccines as well as diagnostic tests that can distinguish the amoeba's most
deadly strains. The parasite infects an estimated 50 million people and causes
as many as 100,000 deaths a year -- second only to malaria as a cause of
morbidity and mortality from a protist. The disease caused by E. histolytica is
called amebiasis.
The sequencing of E. histolytica was a collaborative effort led by The Institute
for Genomic Research (TIGR) in Rockville, MD, and by the Wellcome Trust Sanger
Institute in the U.K. The project was supported by grants from the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which is part of the
National Institutes of Health, and from the Wellcome Trust.
The study’s first author, TIGR scientist Brendan Loftus, says the contents of
the amoeba’s genome surprised many scientists. “The parts list we identified
implies that E. histolytica may have re-engineered aspects of its metabolism,”
says Loftus, citing the protist’s loss of some genes and its apparent gain of
other bacterial-like genes through lateral transfer. “This study will provoke
interest in what secrets may lie undiscovered in the sequences of other
supposedly ‘simple’ amoeba genomes.”
Named for its effectiveness in killing other cells, E. histolytica was long
considered to be a ‘primitive’ organism – originating from the time that
bacterial lineages diverged from eukaryotic lineages – because the amoeba
lacked many of the visible traits of eukaryotic cells (such as endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus and mitochondria) and also shared some bacteria-like
traits.
While the Nature study catalogs a reduced genome (sometimes characteristic of an
organism’s transition to a parasitic lifestyle), Loftus says scientists found
ample evidence of a variety of gene families characteristic of more complex
organisms. For example, a family of membrane receptors appears to be one of the
mechanisms by which the parasite senses the presence of its human host and
translates environmental cues into signaling events, which are processed by the
parasite.
Another unusual feature of the genome is the presence of an unprecedented number
of tRNA (transfer RNA) genes, which constitute nearly 10 percent of the sequence
data collected for the project. These genes appear to be present within the
genome in long arrays whose structural or functional significance is not yet
known.
“Clearly, this amoeba has genes that allow it to sense certain facets of its
environment and respond to those cues,” says Neil Hall, a TIGR scientist who
is the senior author of the Nature study. He did most of his work on the E.
histolytica genome while in his previous position at Sanger.
Matthew Berriman of Sanger said, "The results give a fascinating glimpse of
how this ancient parasite evolved and highlight unusual metabolic processes that
may be exploitable as drug targets."
The project also identified some large families of surface proteins that may
help mediate the amoeba's ability to evade the human immune system. This could
explain why the parasite can stay hidden in the body for years at a time. Such
information may help researchers find better means to harness the immune system
to eradicate infection through vaccine development.
A number of the metabolic adaptations and stratagems identified from the E.
histolytica genome also have commonalities with those reported in two other
amitochondrial human pathogens of global importance: Trichomonas vaginalis and
Giardia lamblia.
“The enzymes that form the basis of these shared metabolic strategies are
substantially different from human enzymes, making them potential targets of
inhibitors that could form the basis of new drug therapies," says TIGR
President Claire M. Fraser, who supervised the Institute’s role in the
project.
E. histolytica is a voracious predator of bacteria and shares a close
relationship in the human gut with its bacterial neighbors. Because the parasite
uses the same methods to kill bacteria as it uses to damage human cells and
cause disease, the level of certain bacteria in the colon can be an important
determinant of the amoeba’s virulence.
Biomedical scientists say the E. histolytica sequence will help researchers
develop new tools to predict which of the millions of people who ingest amoeba
cysts in contaminated fluids will actually develop the disease.
“Every aspect of research is changed by having the genome sequenced,” says
Dr. William A. Petri, Jr., a collaborator who is chief of the University of
Virginia Health System’s Division of Infectious Diseases. He says the DNA
typing from the genome sequenced is allowing the development of “new
diagnostic tests that help distinguish the most deadly substrains of the
parasite.”
Dr. Alok Bhattacharya, a collaborator at the School of Life Sciences at
India’s Jawaharlal Nehru University, says having the genome sequence “will
help to identify new drug and vaccine targets” and also may help researchers
understand why the disease hits only a small fraction of those who are hosts to
the parasite. “Intestinal infections are one of the major health problems in
developing countries and the number of people who are infected with amoeba cysts
is enormous,” he says.
Typically, those cysts are transmitted when people ingest contaminated food or
water. The disease can cause liver damage but more often causes dysentery, a
severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. Unchecked, the
diarrhea associated with the disease can be fatal, especially in children. One
field study in Bangladesh found that E. histolytica infection occurred at least
once in 80 percent of 300 children. Over a period of four years, about a third
of the children suffered from amebic colitis, an ulceration of the stomach
lining.
Petri says the genome data will help researchers find more about what makes some
people innately resistant to infection by E. histolytica, and what acquired
immune responses can protect people from re-infection. Says Petri: "The
genome project has spawned rapid discovery of the parasite’s mechanisms for
replication, gene expression, motility, metabolism, and the killing of host
cells.”
The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) is a not-for-profit research institute
based in Rockville, Maryland. TIGR, which sequenced the first complete genome of
a free-living organism, has been at the forefront of the genomic revolution
since the institute was founded in 1992. The Institute’s scientists conduct
research involving the structural, functional, and comparative analysis of
genomes and gene products in viruses, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
Computational
fluid dynamics analysis for process impact assessment during thermal
pasteurization of intact eggs
February 2005
Journal of Food Protection Volume 68, Number 2, p. 366-374
Siegfried Denys ; Jan G. Pieters ; Koen Dewettinck
http://www.foodprotection.org/QuickLinks.htm
Abstract: Transient temperature and albumen velocity profiles during thermal
pasteurization of intact eggs were studied using a commercial computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) package. Simulated temperature profiles were in close
agreement with experimental data for eggs of different sizes. Convective heat
transfer only occurred in the egg white fraction, and conductive heat transfer
only occurred in the yolk. For process assessment, a generally accepted kinetic
inactivation model for Salmonella Enteritidis was incorporated into the CFD
analysis. Minimum process times and temperatures needed to provide equivalent
pasteurization at 5-log reductions of the target microorganism were obtained on
a theoretical basis. The combination of CFD analysis and inactivation kinetics
can be very useful for assessing pasteurization of intact eggs and can enable
processors to gain a better understanding of these processes and to establish
process conditions for consumer-safe eggs.
Extended
study on the influence of z-value(s) of single and multicomponent
time-temperature integrators on the accuracy of quantitative thermal process
assessment
February 2005
Journal of Food Protection Volume 68, Number 2, p. 384-395
Yann P. Guiavarch ; Ann M. van Loey ; Marc E. Hendrickx
http://www.foodprotection.org/QuickLinks.htm
Abstract
The possibilities and limitations of single- and multicomponent time-temperature
integrators (TTIs) for evaluating the impact of thermal processes on a target
food attribute with a ztarget value different from the zTTI value(s) of the TTI
is far from sufficiently documented. In this study, several thousand
time-temperature profiles were generated by heat transfer simulations based on a
wide range of product and process thermal parameters and considering a ztarget
value of 10°C and a reference temperature of 121.1°C, both currently used to
assess the safety of food sterilization processes. These simulations included 15
different ztarget-10°CF121.1°C values in the range 3 to 60 min. The
integration of the time-temperature profiles with zTTI values of 5.5 to 20.5°C
in steps of 1°C allowed generation of a large database containing for each
combination of product and process parameters the correction factor to apply to
the process value FmultiTTI, which was derived from a single- or multicomponent
TTI, to obtain the target process value 10°CF121.1°C. The table and the graph
results clearly demonstrated that multicomponent TTIs with z-values close to 10°C
can be used as an extremely efficient approach when a single-component TTI with
a z-value of 10°C is not available. In particular, a two-component TTI with z1
and z2 values respectively above and below the ztarget value (10°C in this
study) would be the best option for the development of a TTI to assess the
safety of sterilized foods. Whatever process and product parameters are used,
such a TTI allows proper evaluation of the process value10°CF121.1°C.
Combined
effects of coating, modified atmosphere packaging, and gamma irradiation on
quality maintenance of ready-to-use carrots (Daucus carota)
February 2005
Journal of Food Protection Volume 68, Number 2, p. 353-359
R. Lafortune ; S. Caillet ; M. Lacroix
http://www.foodprotection.org/QuickLinks.htm
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an edible coating
combined with modified atmosphere (MA; 60% O2, 30% CO2, and 10% N2) packaging
and gamma irradiation on the microbiological stability and physicochemical
quality of minimally processed carrots. A coating based on calcium caseinate and
whey protein isolates was used. Coated and uncoated peeled minicarrots were
packed under the MA or air (78.1% N2, 20.9% O2, and 0.036% CO2), irradiated at
0.5 or 1 kGy, and stored at 4 ± 1°C for 21 days. Samples were evaluated
periodically for aerobic plates counts (APCs) and physicochemical properties
(firmness, white discoloration, and whiteness index). Gamma irradiation did not
significantly affect the physicochemical properties of the carrots (P >
0.05). Microbiological analysis revealed that for uncoated carrots irradiation
at 0.5 and 1 kGy under air and MA reduced the APCs by 3.5 and 4 log CFU/g and by
4 and 4.5 log CFU/g, respectively. For coated carrots, irradiation at 0.5 and 1
kGy under air and MA reduced the APCs by 4 and 4.5 log CFU/g and by 3 and 4.25
log CFU/g, respectively. The coating was able to protect carrots against
dehydration during storage under air. Coating and irradiation at 1 kGy were also
able to protect carrot firmness during storage under air. MA packaging retarded
whitening of uncoated carrots but had a detrimental effect on firmness. The
edible coating used in this study did not significantly inhibit (P > 0.05)
microbial growth on carrots.
Occurrence
of mycotoxin in farro samples from Southern Italy
February 2005
Journal of Food Protection Volume 68, Number 2, p. 416-420
Raffaello Castoria ; Giuseppe Lima ; Rosalia Ferracane ; Andalberto Ritieni
http://www.foodprotection.org/QuickLinks.htm
Abstract
The occurrence of nine mycotoxins and of contamination by pre- and postharvest
fungal pathogens of cereals was investigated in samples of stored Triticum
monococcum L., Triticum dicoccon Schrank (emmer), and Triticum spelta L.
(spelt). In Italy, all three species are collectively referred to as farro. The
samples examined were harvested in summer 2000 from eight different sites in
southern Italy. Conventional fluorimetric and diode array-based high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses and HPLC-mass spectrometry analyses were
used to identify fumonisin B1 in five samples (up to 70.00 g/ kg), ochratoxin A
in seven samples (up to 4.07g/kg), and beauvericin in three samples (up to 4.44
mg/kg). Enniatin B was detected in one sample (30.00 g/kg), but no zearalenone
or fusaproliferin was found. Deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins were not evaluated.
The potentially mycotoxigenic fungal species detected were Alternaria alternata,
Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium tricinctum, Penicillium verrucosum, and
Penicillium chrysogenum. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of
mycotoxins in farro samples.
Inactivation
of pathogens inoculated into prepared seafood products for manufacturing kimbab,
steamed rice rolled in dried seaweed, by gamma irradiation
February 2005
Journal of Food Protection Volume 68, Number 2, p. 396-402
Cheorun Jo ; Na Young Lee ; Ho Jin Kang ; Sang Pil Hong ; Young Ho Kim ; Jae
Kyung Kim ; Myung Woo Byun
http://www.foodprotection.org/QuickLinks.htm
Abstract
Three prepared seafood products for manufacturing a laver (dried seaweed) roll,
a traditional and rapidly growing ready-to-eat meal in Korea, were selected and
the effects of irradiation treatment for eliminating pathogens of public health
significance were investigated. The pathogens tested were Salmonella Typhimurium,
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria ivanovii. The radiation
sensitivity (D10-values or the dose required to inactivate 90% of a population)
of these organisms ranged from 0.23 to 0.62 kGy in imitation crab leg, 0.31 to
0.44 kGy in surimi gel, and 0.27 to 0.44 kGy in dried seaweed. The growth of all
four test organisms inoculated (108 CFU/g) into these foods was inhibited by
irradiation during 24 h of postirradiation storage regardless of the temperature
(10, 20, and 30°C). L. ivanovii was not detected after a 3-kGy treatment, but
the other pathogens were not detected following irradiation at 2 kGy. These
studies indicated that low-dose irradiation (2 kGy or less) of prepared seafood
materials can keep them microbiologically safe before manufacturing a readyto-eat
prepared meal, a laver roll.
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(Canada), Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Food Safety Division,
Food Safety & Security at Kansas State University, Canadian Animal Health
Institute, Council for Biotechnology Information, Keystone Foods LLC, New
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Association, Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association,
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Brands, Inc., Canadian Restaurant and Foodservices Association, Canadian
Institute of Public Health, Inspectors Ontario Branch Inc., E.I. DuPont Canada
Company, Ontario Agri-Food Technologies, Feedlot Health Management Services,
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Peel, Chemical Metrology Group of the National Research Council, International
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