Agnet Dec. 19/03
Tomato seed
from seed bank found to be genetically modified
Australian
farmers claim regulatory decision is unacceptable
Thai S&T
minister supports GM papaya
80% of
global maize area sown to improved varieties
Lessons for
GM bananas/fruits
Ensuring
food security thru IPR
Potato
processor faces trial in May for leachate in river
PANUPS:
Resource Pointer #349 (Pesticide Impacts and Policy Change)
Demographic
threats to the sustainability of brazil nut exploitation
Maize genome
sequencing by methylation filtration
Enrichment
of gene-coding sequences in maize by genome filtration
how to subscribe
Tomato
seed from seed bank found to be genetically modified
December 18, 2003
UC Davis Media Release
http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=6833
Seeds from the UC82B tomato have been found to contain a commercially approved
biotech trait. (UC Davis courtesy photo)
The University of California, Davis, is recalling about 30 tomato seed samples,
distributed during the past seven years to research colleagues in the United
States and abroad, after recent tests showed that the seed was not the intended
variety, but rather a very similar variety developed through biotechnology.
The seed contains a commercially approved biotech trait, referred to as the PG
trait. That trait, which improves the thickness of tomato paste, had been
approved in 1994 for use in human food. A similar tomato variety with the PG
trait had previously been planted commercially in California, and tomato paste
with the trait had been sold to consumers, primarily in the United Kingdom.
The Seed and Its Distribution
Since 1996, small quantities of seed of the processing-tomato variety known as
UC-82B were provided, upon request, by UC Davis to researchers at 12
institutions in the United States and to researchers in 14 other countries. Each
sample included about 25 seeds to be used in research projects at those
institutions. Two samples were also sent abroad for demonstration gardens in
England and Ethiopia. UC Davis and the recipients were unaware that these
particular UC-82B seeds carried the PG trait.
UC Davis officials have determined that the seeds carrying the PG trait
originated from a 20-gram seed sample donated to UC Davis in 1996 by Petoseed
Company, which has since been acquired by Seminis Vegetable Seeds. It is unclear
when or where the seeds were mislabeled.
The seed mix-up came to light when the Charles M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource
Center at UC Davis sent samples of what was thought to be unmodified UC-82B to
the UC Davis Plant Transformation Facility. This research service unit
genetically modifies small numbers of plants for use in campus research
projects. In working with the seeds, staff scientists detected the unexpected
presence of a commonly used "marker" gene, NPT II, and notified the
Rick center. The protein derived from the NPT II gene has been approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a food additive. Subsequent testing also
revealed the presence of the PG gene.
A similar tomato variety with the same combination of PG gene and NPT II was
commercialized in 1996 through a collaboration between Petoseed Company and
Zeneca Plant Science. That variety was approved for food and tomato production
in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration in 1994 and the U.S. Department
of Agriculture in 1995. It also was approved for food consumption by the
government of the United Kingdom in 1995 and in Canada by Health Canada in 1996.
That variety also passed scientific review in the European Union. It was grown
commercially in California and sold as tomato paste product in the United
Kingdom between 1996 and 1999.
Response by UC Davis and Seminis
Upon learning of the apparent mix-up, the Rick tomato center curator reviewed
records and found that the UC-82B seed had been obtained in 1996 from Petoseed.
Although that seed variety had been developed in 1976 by a UC Davis plant
breeder, the campus supply had run low and Petoseed had replenished it.
"We immediately tested our seed and informed both Seminis and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture," said Neal Van Alfen, dean of UC Davis' College
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. "DNA sequencing conducted at UC
Davis has confirmed the presence of the PG trait.
"We have notified the individuals or research units that received the
seed," Van Alfen added. "We are asking the recipients to let us know
how they used or disposed of the seed, and to send any seeds remaining from the
original sample to an independent laboratory for DNA testing."
Ed Green, senior vice president of research and development at Seminis, said:
"We will continue to work closely with the university to determine how this
error occurred. We have offered the full analytical resources of Seminis and
have made our records available to university officials.
"While current regulatory controls and technological advances would make
this type of mix-up highly unlikely today, we also feel it's prudent to review
our seed handling, storage and sharing protocols to look for improvements,
" Green said.
Green added that only a small fraction of Seminis' current research involves
biotechnology because the company's focus is on traditional plant breeding.
Seminis does not sell any tomatoes developed with biotechnology.
Australian
farmers claim regulatory decision is unacceptable
December 19, 2003
Network Of Concerned Farmers - Press Release
www.non-gm-farmers.com
The Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) has announced the approval
for the license of Monsanto's genetically modified (GM) Roundup Ready canola
soon. The Network of Concerned Farmers (NCF) is calling for a parliamentary
enquiry into this decision and a review of the employment of Sue Meek, the Gene
Technology Regulator.
"It is not acceptable for the OGTR to ignore submissions, ignore advisory
committees and misrepresent the legislation just because there is no
accountability and no appeal process," said Julie Newman, NCF National
spokesperson.
The NCF submission to the OGTR identified a legislative issue that if addressed
correctly, should have not only caused the rejection of Monsanto's license for
Roundup Ready Canola, but the withdrawing of Bayer Cropscience's Invigor canola
license until issues were addressed.
"The OGTR has been directed by government to impose a condition of license
to ensure GM-free zones can be maintained. If the policy principle is a license
condition and is impossible to achieve under existing plans, the license should
not be issued until the relevent plans are altered to deal with
contamination," explained Mrs Newman.
"Any trace of contamination can cause market rejection and a loss of
GM-free status. Even if only one State adopts GM canola, other States can not
police borders or prevent the entry of contaminated seeds into a GM-free zone.
The license conditions can not be met under existing plans and must be addressed
at a Federal level, not left to the States to sort out."
"The Gene Technology Grains Committee is not dealing with the on-farm
segregation issues as promised. It has been left to Monsanto who will be
financially rewarded for contamination and their Crop Management Plans are to
remain secret until the crop is in the ground. The Resistance Management Plans
are to be controlled by Monsanto and also to remain secret. They expect non-GM
growers to accept contamination and to be liable for it, but it should be up to
the GM industry to keep GM contained, not up to the rest of us to try to keep it
out," she added.
The NCF have been pushing for legislation to ensure the GM industry contained
their product. Mrs Newman is a delegate on the Grains council of WA Farmers and
has confirmed a similar motion was moved at the last Grains Council meeting
which has also been supported by the Senate for debate by the Ministerial
Council.
"The OGTR is claiming they do not "do" economics, contamination,
segregation or even environmental biodiversity. They do not "do"
chemical resistance or chemical related health or environmental problems. They
do not even "do" food testing, it is done by Monsanto themselves and
the longest animal test is 28 days and appears to only check for death,"
said Mrs Newman.
"What the OGTR are doing and what the public think they are doing are very
different. We can not allow the public to be misled and falsely reassured that
all risks are either being managed properly or by other departments," she
said. "Our regulatory process has become little more than an expensive
illusion to deflect product liability from the GM industry to the farmers and
the public. We demand accountability."
Thai
S&T minister supports GM papaya
December 19, 2003
Crop Biotech Update
http://www.isaaa.org/kc
Gen. Chettha Thanajaro, Science and Technology Minister of Thailand, said that
the Ministry will support funding for GM papaya R&D. General Chetha who
visited Kasetsart University’s GM papaya research station recently believes
that the use of modern biotechnology can provide solution s to overcome major
problems affecting Thailand’s papaya industry , particularly papaya ring spot
virus and post harvest losses, and provide greater benefits to farmers.
‘Biotechnology can directly bene fit mankind particularly those in the Asian
region’, said Gen. Chettha.
‘I believe GM crops do not do any harm to the environment. Thais are scared of
GMOs even though we do not know all about them. The same could be said of
people’s fear of ghosts, as we do not know whether or not there are ghosts,’
he said to local reporters.
‘From our trial, it proves that GM papaya can solve the problem o f ring spot
disease, extend the ripening time, and if the government allows to grow it,
farmers can get the seed for free’ said Dr. Supat Attathom, faculty of
Agriculture, Kasetsart University who oversees GM papaya research of the Plant
Genetic Engineering Unit (PGEU).
Gen. Chettha was invited on Wednesday by PGEU to formally open the 6th Annual
Technical and Coordination Meeting of the Papaya Biotechnology Network of
Southeast Asia. PGEU is a member institute of the papaya network, including
national research institutes from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and
Vietnam. The network is being facilitated by the International Service for the
Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). During the said meeting, the
members of the Papaya Biotechnology Network led by Dr. Randy Hautea, ISAAA
Director, expressed to Minister Thanajaro that Thailand is ahead of the rest of
the member countries in developing the desired GM papaya resistant to the papaya
ringspot virus. ‘The small scale field trial of the Thailand group has
demonstrated that the country now has a solution that is ready for the next
stage of development,’ the members said. Hence, the Network endorsed the need
for multi-locational field trials across different regions of the country to
demonstrate the crop’s safety and economic value. It expressed hope that the
Thai government would eventually come up with the technology policy favorable to
the adoption of GM papaya noting that it would not only benefit Thailand’s
economy but that of other member countries a s well.
For more activities of ISAAA, visit http://www.isaaa.org.
80%
of global maize area sown to improved varieties
December 19, 2003
Crop Biotech Update
http://www.isaaa.org/kc
Eighty percent (80%) of the global maize area of 140 million hectares is
sown to improved varieties - with approximately two-thirds sown to hybrid
s, 13% planted to open pollinated varieties (OPVs), and only 20% to farmer-saved
seed. All of the latter is sown by subsistence farmers in developing countries.
In industrial countries, 94% is sown to hybrids and the balance of 4% to OPVs
with no farmers saving seed. In developing countries it is encouraging that 70%
of the maize area is sown with improved varieties (54% to hybrids and 16% to OPV)
with 30% sown to farmer saved seed. Thus, there are almost 68 million hectares
of maize sown to improved seed in developing countries.
It is striking that in East and South Africa 92% of the maize area is sown to
improved varieties, mainly hybrids. In fact, six regions, East Asia, East and
South Africa, West Asia, the Southern Cone and Andean Region of South America,
and South East Asia sow more than 70% of maize to improved varieties, the
majority of which is hybrid as opposed to OPVs. South Asia and North Africa sow
equal amounts of improved and farmer saved seed.
It is only two regions, Mexico and Central America, and West Central Africa,
where approx. 70% of the maize area is sown with farmer saved seed by
subsistence farmers.
The salient conclusion from the data above is that contrary to the rhetoric of
some critics of biotechnology, there is a large community of maize farmers in
the developing world, farming 70% of the maize area, that have already adopted
improved varieties, mainly hybrids, and therefore could have ready access to Bt
maize through the same seed supply channels. That farmers of developing
countries use only farmer-saved seed and, therefore, would be denied access to
the new technologies provided through hybrids, is a misconception as is shown by
the evidence presented above. For example, in China alone there are 105 million
maize farmers farming one-quarter of a hectare of maize on average, 90% of whom
already purchase improved seed at a premium, with 84% of the farmers purchasing
hybrid seed annually because of the higher returns it provides.
Download the Executive Summary of Clive James’ ‘Global Re view of
Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 02 Feature: Bt Maize’ at http://www.isaaa.org/kc.
Lessons
for GM bananas/fruits
December 19, 2003
Crop Biotech Update
http://www.isaaa.org/kc
Public perceptions toward genetically modified (GM) fruits are likely to be
negative. This is one lesson that policy makers should take into consideration
in understanding consumer attitude toward GM bananas or similar tropical fruits.
C. Marris forwards five lessons in a paper entitled "Issues concerning
public awareness and attitudes towards genetically modified bananas and tropical
fruits" prepared for the Third Session of the Intergovernmental Group on
Bananas and Tropical Fruits to be held on 11-15 December 03 in Puerto de la
Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain.
The paper commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization cites four other
lessons:
* Attitudes to pest resistant Cavendish bananas are likely to be reticent . The
first GM banana products in the research and development pipeline might provoke
negative reactions because they have a set of characteristic s which are similar
to ‘first generation GM crops’, i.e. benefits apply to large-scale intensive
monoculture exploitation of Cavendish for export.
* GM is a revelator of current agricultural practice. A debate on the use of GM
bananas could catalyze controversies about the (un)sustainability of large-scale
export-oriented commercial banana plantations.
* A PR campaign should not be assumed to improve consumer acceptability if it is
not connected to issues regarding the policy process.
* Public concerns need to be taken into account by various stakeholders from
industry, research, commerce and distribution. These have to be taken account
when dealing with regulations and trade issues.
See the full paper online at http://www.fao.org/es/ESC/en/953/987/21
306/event_34607en.html or a copy can be requested from Daniela.Piergentili@fao.org.
Ensuring
food security thru IPR
December 19, 2003
Crop Biotech Update
http://www.isaaa.org/kc
‘Small-scale farmers, traditional knowledge holders, environmental groups and
developing countries will need to play a larger role in IPR policy-making at all
levels if biotechnology is to benefit the poorest and most vulnerable groups in
the global economy,’ says Farhana Yamin of the Institute of Development
Studies, University of Sussex in Brighton, United Kingdom.
Yamin’s paper examined the relationship between food security, agricultural
biotechnology and intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the context of
developing countries. The author suggested that developing countries should
think more carefully about the promotion and expansion of IPRs E28093 especially
in agriculture.
IPRs, in the long term, encourages research and development (R&D), but
promote unsustainable and, possibly, unsafe forms of agriculture in poor
countries. Data shows that the cost of strengthening one’s IPR outweighs the
potential gains. Gains are realized over a long period but costs are accrued
immediately making R&D more expensive in developing countries.
The author concluded that the lack of negotiating power and policy expertise of
developing countries within the World Trade Organization (WTO) could put them at
a disadvantage. Yamin explained that the strategic forum-shifting in the IPR
playing field by more developed countries need to be monitored to ensure that
R&D will indeed benefit the poor. Agriculture applications that could
improve their food security must, likewise, be encouraged.
The paper entitled ‘Intellectual property rights, biotechnology and food
security’ can be downloaded at http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/b ookshop/wp/wp3.pdf.
Potato
processor faces trial in May for leachate in river
December 19, 2003
The Guardian (Charlottetown)
A5
Lori A. Mayne
SUMMERSIDE -- Irving Pulp and Paper Ltd., operating as Cavendish Farms, and its
operations manager Ron Clow, according to this story, jointly face a charge of
unlawfully depositing or allowing the deposit of a "deleterious
substance" into water frequented by fish or into a place where the
substance could enter such water allowing leachate to seep into the Barbara Weit
River.
The story says that the charge dates back to May 9, 2002.
The Crown was cited as alleging that runoff from a burial pit (which included
potato waste) on Cavendish Farms' New Annan property ran into a nearby waterway
and ultimately into the river.
PANUPS:
Resource Pointer #349 (Pesticide Impacts and Policy Change)
December 18, 2003
Pesticide Action Network Updates Service
www.panna.org
For copies of the following resources, please contact the appropriate publishers
or organizations directly.
-
Northern Lights Against POPs: Combatting Toxic Threats in the Arctic, 2003
David Leonard Downey and Terry Fenge (editors). An extensive examination of the
development of the Stockholm Convention, a legally binding agreement among 111
nations to limit or eliminate pesticide emissions and other products of
industrial pollution. Presents environmental and health impacts of Persistent
Organic Pesticide (POP) use, especially those affecting the Artic environment
and its indigenous inhabitants. Also addresses the scientific and advocacy work
supporting the Stockholm Convention. 347 pages. US $24.95. Contact
McGill-Queen's University Press, 3430 McTavish Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A
1X9, Canada; phone (514) 398-3750; fax (514) 398-4333; email mqup@mqup.ca; Web
site http://www.mqup.mcgill.ca/.
-
Pesticides: Problems, Improvements, and Alternatives, 2003 F. Den Hond, P.
Groenewegen, and N.M. Van Staalen (editors). A compilation of proposed
strategies and theories to reduce adverse environmental impacts of pesticides
within conventional agricultural models. Presents academic, institutional,
non-profit, and policy think tank perspectives. Includes a background on
pesticide development and use, regulatory science, biotechnology, organic
farming, food industry initiatives. Discusses recent technological developments
in agriculture and policy issues. 256 pages. US $128.99. Contact Blackwell
Publishing, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148; phone (781) 388-8200; fax (781)
388-8210; email rachel.wilkinson@oxon.blackwellpublishing.com; Web site http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/.
-
Avian Effects Assessment: A Framework for Contaminants Studies, 2001 Andy Hart,
et al. (editors), The Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC).
Presents the results of a September, 1999 workshop addressing procedures to
determine pesticide impacts on birds and potential implications for policy
development and risk assessment. Includes six hypothetical case studies for
pesticide applications. 193 pages. US $30 for members, students, and nonprofits
and $50 for non-members. Contact SETAC North America, 1010 North 12th Avenue,
Pensacola, FL 32501-3367; phone (850) 469-1500; fax (850) 469-9778; email setac@setac.org;
Web site http://www.setac.org/.
-
Organophosphates and Health, 2001 Lakshman Karalliedde, Stanly Feldman, John
Henry, and Timothy Marrs (editors). A compilation of toxicity research from
institutional and academic settings. Addresses health impacts of organophosphate
insecticides in developing countries and related social, economic,
environmental, and agricultural impacts. 485 pages. US $79. Contact Imperial
College Press, 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2H 9HE, UK; phone (44
02 07) 836-0888; fax (44 02 07) 836-2020; email sales@wspc.co.uk; Web site
http://www.icpress.co.uk/.
-
*Impacts of Low-Dose, High-Potency Herbicides on Nontarget and Unintended Plant
Species, 2001* Susan A. Ferenc (editor), SETAC. Presents methods to detect
pesticide impacts on sensitive plants within and beyond the intended range of
application and urges the development of improved methods. Discusses application
of this research to inform risk assessment and policy related to pesticide
drift. 177 pages. US $24 for members, students, and nonprofits and $50 for
non-members. Contact SETAC North America, 1010 North 12th Avenue, Pensacola, FL
32501-3367; phone (850) 469-1500; fax (850) 469-9778; email setac@setac.org; Web
site http://www.setac.org/.
Demographic
threats to the sustainability of brazil nut exploitation
December 19, 2003
Science Volume 302, Number 5653, Issue of 19 Dec 2003, pp. 2112-2114.
Carlos A. Peres,1* Claudia Baider,3 Pieter A. Zuidema,4 Lúcia H. O. Wadt,5
Karen A. Kainer,6 Daisy A. P. Gomes-Silva,5 Rafael P. Salomão,7 Luciana L. Simões,8
Eduardo R. N. Franciosi,9 Fernando Cornejo Valverde,10 Rogério Gribel,11 Glenn
H. Shepard, Jr.,11 Milton Kanashiro,12 Peter Coventry,12 Douglas W. Yu,2,13
Andrew R. Watkinson,1,2,13 Robert P. Freckleton14
A comparative analysis of 23 populations of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia
excelsa) across the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Bolivian Amazon shows that the
history and intensity of Brazil nut exploitation are major determinants of
population size structure. Populations subjected to persistent levels of harvest
lack juvenile trees less than 60 centimeters in diameter at breast height; only
populations with a history of either light or recent exploitation contain large
numbers of juvenile trees. A harvesting model confirms that intensive
exploitation levels over the past century are such that juvenile recruitment is
insufficient to maintain populations over the long term. Without management,
intensively harvested populations will succumb to a process of senescence and
demographic collapse, threatening this cornerstone of the Amazonian extractive
economy.
1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental
Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
2 School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
3 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP,
05508–900, Brazil.
4 PROMAB, Casilla 107, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia, and Department of Plant
Ecology, Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80084, 3508TB Utrecht, Netherlands.
5 Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Acre, Embrapa, Rio Branco, Acre
69908–970, Brazil.
6 School of Forest Resources and Conservation and Tropical Conservation and
Development Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611–0410, USA.
7 Departamento de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará
66040–170, Brazil.
8 Rua Aimberé 1485/94, São Paulo, SP 01258–020, Brazil.
9 Rua Dona Balduina 116, São Paulo, SP 01251–020, Brazil.
10 Proyecto Conservando Castañales, Asociación para la Conservación de la
Cuenca Amazónica (ACCA), Cusco 499, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Perú.
11 Botany Department, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA),
Manaus, Amazonas 69083–000, Brazil.
12 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental/DFID (Projeto Dendrogene), Belém, Pará
66095–100, Brazil.
13 Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, UK.
14 The Mauritius Herbarium, MSIRI, Reduit, Mauritius.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: C.Peres@uea.ac.uk
Maize
genome sequencing by methylation filtration
December 19, 2003
Science Volume 302, Number 5653, Issue of 19 Dec 2003, pp. 2115-2117.Lance E.
Palmer,* Pablo D. Rabinowicz,* Andrew L. O'Shaughnessy, Vivekanand S. Balija,
Lidia U. Nascimento, Sujit Dike, Melissa de la Bastide, Robert A. Martienssen,
W. Richard McCombie
Gene enrichment strategies offer an alternative to sequencing large and
repetitive genomes such as that of maize. We report the generation and analysis
of nearly 100,000 undermethylated (or methylation filtration) maize sequences.
Comparison with the rice genome reveals that methylation filtration results in a
more comprehensive representation of maize genes than those that result from
expressed sequence tags or transposon insertion sites sequences. About 7% of the
repetitive DNA is unmethylated and thus selected in our libraries, but
potentially active transposons and unmethylated organelle genomes can be
identified. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction can be used to
finish the maize transcriptome.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724,
USA.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: martiens@cshl.org (R.A.M.);
mccombie@cshl.edu (W.R.M.)
Enrichment
of gene-coding sequences in maize by genome filtration
December 19, 2003
Science Volume 302, Number 5653, Issue of 19 Dec 2003, pp. 2118-2120.
C. A. Whitelaw,1 W. B. Barbazuk,2* G. Pertea,1 A. P. Chan,1 F. Cheung,1 Y. Lee,1
L. Zheng,1 S. van Heeringen,1 S. Karamycheva,1 J. L. Bennetzen,3 P. SanMiguel,4
N. Lakey,5 J. Bedell,5 Y. Yuan,3 M. A. Budiman,5 A. Resnick,1 S. Van Aken,1 T.
Utterback,6 S. Riedmuller,6 M. Williams,6 T. Feldblyum,6 K. Schubert,2 R.
Beachy,2 C. M. Fraser,1 J. Quackenbush1*
Approximately 80% of the maize genome comprises highly repetitive sequences
interspersed with single-copy, gene-rich sequences, and standard genome
sequencing strategies are not readily adaptable to this type of genome.
Methodologies that enrich for genic sequences might more rapidly generate useful
results from complex genomes. Equivalent numbers of clones from maize selected
by techniques called methylation filtering and High C0t selection were sequenced
to generate 200,000 reads (approximately 132 megabases), which were assembled
into contigs. Combination of the two techniques resulted in a sixfold reduction
in the effective genome size and a fourfold increase in the gene identification
rate in comparison to a nonenriched library.
1 The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 9712 Medical Center Drive,
Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
2 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO
63132, USA.
3 Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
4 Purdue Genomics Core Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA.
5 Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
6 J. Craig Venter Science Foundation Joint Technology Center (JTC), 5 Research
Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: BBarbazuk@danforthcenter.org
(W.B.B.); Johnq@tigr.org(JQ)
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